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Устройство от накипи

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Мы являемся разработчиками и производителями противонакипного устройства WaterMill. Оно представляет из себя разъемный пластиковый корпус с ферритовым сердечником и генератором электромагнитных импульсов частотой до 300 Ггц. Устройство запатентовано, имеет сертификат таможенного союза и Евросоюза. Российских аналогов на рынке нет. Предназначено для предотвращения образования накипи в различных тепловых системах и постепенного очищения уже пораженных накипью систем. Вся необходимая информация на сайте www.sovsystems.ru и по телефону: +7 (912) 854-11-11

Необходимо также отметить, что на рынке присутствуют импортные аналоги устройства.

Характеристики Устройство от накипи

  • Назначение: Электромагнитная обработка воды для защиты от накипи
  • Управление: Электрическое
  • Материал: Высокопрочный корпус из композитного пластика
  • Монтаж: На водопроводную трубу перед водонагревателем
  • Электропитание: 220В / 50Гц через блок питания
  • Мощность ТЭНа: 3,0 Вт
  • Гарантия: 2 года *
  • Страна производитель: Россия
  • Цена: 10000
  • * — Гарантия 5 лет на корпус крана АКВАТЕРМ.
  • Гарантийный срок эксплуатации крана АКВАТЕРМ – 1 год.

В комплекте:

  1. Устройство в сборе (верхний и нижний блоки, хомуты).
  2. Блок питания.
  3. Руководство по эксплуатации.

Устройство для защиты от накипи WaterMill: что это такое?

WaterMill – запатентованное в РФ (патент №159317) устройство для защиты от накипи, созданное при сотрудничестве с учеными РАН (Российской Академии Наук). При нагревании и испарении воды происходит образование известковых отложений на внутренних поверхностях и стенках труб котлов, водонагревателей, испарителей и прочих приборов. За счет применения электромагнитных импульсов устройства WaterMill удается предотвратить образование накипи и удалить уже существующий налет.

Для чего предназначен WaterMill?

WaterMill служит для защиты от образования накипи и постепенного удаления старого слоя известкового налёта. Устройство для электромагнитной обработки воды используется для защиты бытовых водонагревательных приборов (чайники, стиральные машины, утюги, отпариватели и пр.) и систем водоснабжения и отопления (проточные водонагреватели, котлы, бойлеры и пр.).

Как работает система защиты от накипи WaterMill?

Устройство устанавливается на трубу перед оборудованием для нагрева воды, то есть перед бойлером, котлом или на вводе в систему. Система защиты от накипи WaterMill генерирует высокочастотные электромагнитные импульсы с переменной частотой до 300 кГц, благодаря которым ионы кальция не оседают на стенках труб и нагревательных элементах и вымываются из системы вместе с потоком воды. Преимущество прибора в том, что он не только очищает поверхности от отложений, но и препятствует возникновению нового слоя налета. WaterMill не изменяет химический состав воды. Электромагнитные импульсы влияют на гидратацию ионов солей, которые после этого не могут закрепиться на поверхности и не образуют известковый налет.

Чем плоха жесткая вода?

Жесткой считается вода, содержащая повышенное количество солей кальция и магния, которые при нагревании выпадают в осадок и образуют известковый налет и даже камни на внутренних поверхностях труб и приборов. Это снижает эффективность работы водонагревательного оборудования и со временем приводит к поломке.

Чем опасна накипь на приборах?

У накипи очень низкая электропроводимость, из-за этого наблюдаются изменения и сбои в работе водонагревательного оборудования. Скорее всего, вы замечали, что чайник, стенки которого покрыты известковым налетом, дольше закипает? То же происходит и с другими приборами: в стиральные машины приходится добавлять больше моющих средств и смягчителей, после чего включать дополнительное полоскание, утюги и отпариватели, внутри которых скопился известковый налет, оставляют пятна на одежде, если во время глажки произойдет отслоение частиц накипи. Любой прибор, нагревательный элемент которого покрылся налетом, потребляет больше электроэнергии, чтобы нагреть воду до нужной температуры. А для пользователей это грозит дополнительными расходами.

Какой срок службы устройства для электромагнитной обработки воды WaterMill?

Прибор WaterMill не требует промывки или обслуживания. Он устанавливается один раз на много лет. Гарантия на устройство – 24 месяца. Срок службы – 20 лет.

History Edit

Watermills are known to have appeared at roughly around the same time in several different regions. The horizontal mill appears almost simultaneously in the Middle East, Mediterranean Basin, and China between 100 BC and 100 AD. The vertical mill also appears at roughly around the same time in the Middle East, Mediterranean Basin, and China. [1] When and where the water wheel originated thus remains unclear, with various different hypotheses being proposed regarding its origins. [1] [2]

Ancient Near East Edit

The water wheel originated from the ancient Near East during the latter half of the first millennium BC. According to Terry S. Reynolds and R. J. Forbes, it may have originated there in the 3rd century BC for use in moving millstones and small-scale corn grinding. [3] Reynolds states that the first water wheels were Norias and, by the 2nd century BC, evolved into the vertical watermill in Syria and Asia Minor, from where it spread to Greece and the Roman Empire. [4] According to S. Avitsur, the Near East is the most likely origin of the watermill. [5] According to Donald Routledge Hill, water-powered Norias have been used in the Near East since at least 200 BC. [6]

Egypt Edit

The water wheel was traditionally dated to the last century BC in the eastern Mediterranean, particularly around Syria and Asia Minor, but modern scholarship assigns the appearance of the water wheel to an earlier date in ancient Egypt, where it appeared by the 3rd century BC. [7] [8] [1] This is seen as an evolution of the paddle-driven water-lifting wheels that had been known in Egypt a century earlier. [7] The Saqia, or ox-driven water wheel, was most likely introduced in Persian Egypt during the 6th or 5th centuries BC. [2] [3] According to John Peter Oleson, both the compartmented wheel and the hydraulic Noria may have been invented in Egypt by the 4th century BC, with the water-driven Sakia being invented there a century later. This is supported by archeological finds at Faiyum, Egypt, where the oldest archeological evidence of a water-wheel has been found, in the form of a Sakia dating back to the 3rd century BC. A papyrus dating to the 2nd century BC also found in Faiyum mentions a water wheel used for irrigation, a 2nd-century BC fresco found at Alexandria depicts a compartmented Sakia, and the writings of Callixenus of Rhodes mention the use of a Sakia in Ptolemaic Egypt during the reign of Ptolemy IV in the late 3rd century BC. [8]

Unlike other water-lifting devices and pumps of the period, the invention of the compartmented wheel cannot be traced to any particular engineer and may have been made in the late 4th century BC in a rural context away from the metropolis of Alexandria. [9] The earliest depiction of a compartmented wheel is from a tomb painting in Ptolemaic Egypt which dates to the 2nd century BC. It shows a pair of yoked oxen driving the wheel via a sakia gear, which is here for the first time attested as well. [10]

Lewis has argued that the water wheel, probably at least the vertical kind, was included in post portions of Philo of Byzantium's Pneumatica, writing in the 3rd century BC, and parts of whose work survives in Arabic and Latin translations, including that of Vitruvius. [11] Philo of Byzantium's Pneumatics, however, was significantly altered by later medieval Islamic authors, hence it is uncertain whether the medieval Arabic edition's mention of a water wheel is genuine or a later Arabic interpolation. Oleson, however, agrees with Lewis that the mention a water wheel by Philo is probably genuine. He notes that Philo mentions it was already known in Egypt when he wrote the text, indicating that the water wheel was most likely invented in Egypt some time before the mid-3rd century BC. [4]

Egyptian papyrological evidence shows more than 600 references to water-lifting devices and irrigation facilities from Egypt, between 300 BC and 700 AD. [5]

Mesopotamia Edit

Ancient Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) has also been suggested as another possible place of origin. Irrigation machines are referred to in Babylonian inscriptions, but without details on their construction, suggesting that water power had been harnessed for irrigation purposes. According to Hugh P. Vowles, the primitive use of water-rotated wheels may date back to Sumerian times, with references to a "Month for raising the Water Wheels", though it is not known whether these wheels were turned by the flow of a river. [12] According to Faruk El-Yussif, the utilization of water power by means of simple paddle wheels for irrigation and drainage purposes appears to have also been developed in Mesopotamia. [13] It has been suggested that the water wheel may have been used in Upper Mesopotamia as early as the 7th or 6th centuries BC, based on an interpretation of an Akkadian cuneiform tablet dating back to the Neo-Assyrian Empire. [8] The tablet was found at Harran and describes various irrigation apparatus, followed by a description of a water channel resembling a sluice (or alternatively a qanat). According to J. Laessoe, it implies the use of an undershot water wheel, specifically a hydraulic Noria, powered by the water as it flows through the passage under the lock-gates behind which it was stored up. The tablet is not entirely preserved, thus any Akkadian terms for a sluice or water-wheel cannot be determined. [14]

Syria and Asia Minor Edit

The Noria and vertical watermill was known around Syria and Asia Minor by the 2nd century BC, and from there spread westwards to Greece and Rome within a century. [6] An early example in Asia Minor is mentioned in Strabo's Geography near the palace at Cabira of Mithradates VI Eupator, King of Pontus from 120 BC to 71 BC and 67 BC to 66 BC. The mills were used for grinding grain into flour (attested by Pliny the Elder), as well as for fulling and sawing marble, according to a quotation from Ausonius writing in the fourth century AD. [11]

India Edit

The early history of the watermill in India is obscure. Ancient Indian texts dating back to the 4th century BC refer to the term cakkavattaka (turning wheel), which commentaries explain as arahatta-ghati-yanta (machine with wheel-pots attached). On this basis, Joseph Needham suggested that the machine was a noria. Terry S. Reynolds, however, argues that the "term used in Indian texts is ambiguous and does not clearly indicate a water-powered device." Thorkild Schiøler argued that it is "more likely that these passages refer to some type of tread- or hand-operated water-lifting device, instead of a water-powered water-lifting wheel." [15]

Irrigation water for crops was provided by using water raising wheels, some driven by the force of the current in the river from which the water was being raised. This kind of water raising device was used in ancient India. [16] According to Greek historical tradition, India received water-mills from the Roman Empire in the early 4th century AD when a certain Metrodoros introduced "water-mills and baths, unknown among them [the Brahmans] till then". [17]

Around 1150, the astronomer Bhaskara Achārya observed water-raising wheels and imagined such a wheel lifting enough water to replenish the stream driving it, effectively, a perpetual motion machine. [18]

The construction of water works and aspects of water technology in India is described in Arabic and Persian works. During medieval times, the diffusion of Indian and Persian irrigation technologies gave rise to an advanced irrigation system which bought about economic growth and also helped in the growth of material culture. [19]

China Edit

The waterwheel was found in China by the time of the Han Dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), when it was used to power trip hammers, [20] the bellows in smelting iron, [21] [22] and in one case, to mechanically rotate an armillary sphere for astronomical observation (see Zhang Heng). [23] [24] Although Joseph Needham speculates that the water-powered millstone could have existed in Han China by the 1st century AD, there is no sufficient literary evidence for it until the 5th century AD. [25] In 488 AD, the mathematician and engineer Zu Chongzhi had a watermill erected which was inspected by Emperor Wu of Southern Qi (r. 482–493 AD). [26] The engineer Yang Su of the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD) was said to operate hundreds of them by the beginning of the 6th century. [26] A source written in 612 AD mentions Buddhist monks arguing over the revenues gained from watermills. [27] The Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD) 'Ordinances of the Department of Waterways' written in 737 AD stated that watermills should not interrupt riverine transport and in some cases were restricted to use in certain seasons of the year. [26] From other Tang-era sources of the 8th century AD it is known that these ordinances were taken very seriously, as the government demolished many watermills owned by great families, merchants, and Buddhist abbeys that failed to acknowledge ordinances or meet government regulations. [26] A eunuch serving Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (r. 712–756 AD) owned a watermill by 748 AD which employed five waterwheels that ground 300 bushels of wheat a day. [26] By 610 or 670 AD, the watermill was introduced to Japan via Korean Peninsula. [28] It also became known in Tibet by at least 641 AD. [28]

Roman Empire Edit

The technology is known to have been used in the Roman Empire. In the 1st century BC, Antipater of Thessalonica made a clear reference to the waterwheel. He praised it for its use in grinding grain and the reduction of human labour: [33]

Hold back your hand from the mill, you grinding girls, even if the cockcrow heralds the dawn, sleep on. For Demeter has imposed the labours of your hands on the nymphs, who leaping down upon the topmost part of the wheel, rotate its axle, with encircling cogs, [34] it turns the hollow weight of the Nisyrian millstones. If we learn to feast toil-free on the fruits of the earth, we taste again the golden age.

The Romans used both fixed and floating water wheels and introduced water power to other provinces of the Roman Empire. So-called 'Greek Mills' used water wheels with a horizontal wheel (and vertical shaft). A "Roman Mill" features a vertical wheel (on a horizontal shaft). Greek style mills are the older and simpler of the two designs, but only operate well with high water velocities and with small diameter millstones. Roman style mills are more complicated as they require gears to transmit the power from a shaft with a horizontal axis to one with a vertical axis. An example of a Roman era watermill is the 2nd century site at Barbegal in southern France, where 16 overshot waterwheels were used to power a flour mill. There was also a mill on the Janiculum hill at Rome. Although Roman mills are apparently few in number, the widespread use of aqueducts in the period suggests that many remain to be discovered. Recent excavations in Roman London, for example, have uncovered what appears to be a tide mill together with a possible sequence of mills worked by an aqueduct running along the side of the River Fleet.

Water lifting machines were common during the Roman period to dewater deep underground mines. Several such devices are described by Vitruvius, including the reverse overshot water-wheel and the Archimedean screw. Many were found during modern mining at the copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain, one system involving 16 such wheels stacked above one another so as to lift water about 80 feet from the mine sump. Part of such a wheel was found at Dolaucothi, a Roman gold mine in south Wales in the 1930s when the mine was briefly re-opened. It was found about 80 feet below the surface, so must have been part of a similar sequence as that discovered at Rio Tinto. It has recently been carbon dated to about 80 AD, and since the wood from which it was made is much older than the deep mine, it is likely that the deep workings were in operation perhaps 30–50 years after. It is clear from these examples of drainage wheels found in sealed underground galleries in widely separated locations that building water wheels was well within their capabilities, and such verticals water wheels commonly used for industrial purposes.

Islamic Agricultural Revolution Edit

Muslim engineers adopted the water wheel technology from the hydraulic societies of the ancient Near East, where it had been applied for centuries prior to the Muslim conquests. As early as the 7th century, excavation of a canal in the Basra region discovered remains of a water wheel dating from this period. Hama in Syria still preserves one of its large wheels, on the river Orontes, although they are no longer in use. [35] One of the largest had a diameter of about 20 metres and its rim was divided into 120 compartments. Another wheel that is still in operation is found at Murcia in Spain, La Nora, and although the original wheel has been replaced by a steel one, the Moorish system during Al-Andalus is otherwise virtually unchanged. Some medieval Islamic compartmented water wheels could lift water as high as 30 meters. [36] The flywheel mechanism, which is used to smooth out the delivery of power from a driving device to a driven machine, was invented by Ibn Bassal (fl. 1038-1075) of Al-Andalus, who pioneered the use of the flywheel in the chain pump (saqiya) and noria. [37] Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi's Kitab al-Hawi in the 10th century described a noria in Iraq that could lift as much as 153,000 litres per hour, or 2550 litres per minute. This is comparable to the output of modern Norias in East Asia which can lift up to 288,000 litres per hour, or 4800 litres per minute. [38]

The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled water mills were both in widespread use by the 9th century. A variety of industrial watermills were used in the Islamic world, including gristmills, hullers, sawmills, shipmills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, and tide mills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial watermills in operation, from Al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. [39] Muslim and Middle Eastern Christian engineers also used crankshafts and water turbines, gears in watermills and water-raising machines, and dams as a source of water, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. [40] Fulling mills, and steel mills may have spread from Al-Andalus to Christian Spain in the 12th century. Industrial water mills were also employed in large factory complexes built in al-Andalus between the 11th and 13th centuries. [41]

The engineers of the Islamic world used several solutions to achieve the maximum output from a watermill. One solution was to mount them to piers of bridges to take advantage of the increased flow. Another solution was the shipmill, a type of water mill powered by water wheels mounted on the sides of ships moored in midstream. This technique was employed along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in 10th century Iraq, where large shipmills made of teak and iron could produce 10 tons of flour from corn every day for the granary in Baghdad. [42] The flywheel mechanism, which is used to smooth out the delivery of power from a driving device to a driven machine, was invented by Ibn Bassal (fl. 1038-1075) of Al-Andalus, he pioneered the use of the flywheel in the saqiya and noria. [37] The engineers Al-Jazari in the 13th century and Taqi al-Din in the 16th century described many inventive water-raising machines in their technological treatises. They also employed water wheels to power a variety of devices, including various water clocks and automata.

Medieval Europe Edit

Cistercian monasteries, in particular, made extensive use of water wheels to power watermills of many kinds. An early example of a very large waterwheel is the still extant wheel at the early 13th century Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, a Cistercian monastery in the Aragon region of Spain. Grist mills (for corn) were undoubtedly the most common, but there were also sawmills, fulling mills and mills to fulfill many other labor-intensive tasks. The water wheel remained competitive with the steam engine well into the Industrial Revolution. At around the eighth to tenth century, a number of Irrigation technologies was brought into Spain and thus introduced to Europe. One of those technologies is the Noria, which is basically a wheel fitted with bucket on the peripherals for lifting water. It is similar to the undershot waterwheel mentioned later in this article. It allowed peasants to power watermills more efficiently. According to Thomas Glick's book, Irrigation and Society in Medieval Valencia, the Noria probably originated from somewhere in Persia. It has been used for centuries before the technology was brought into Spain by Arabs. Thus the distribution of the Noria in the Iberian peninsula "conforms to the area of stabilized Islamic settlement". [43] This technology has a profound effect on the life of peasants. The Noria is relatively cheap to build. Thus it allowed peasants to cultivate land more efficiently in Europe. Together with the Spaniards, the technology then spread to North Africa and later to the New World in Mexico and South America following Spanish expansion.

Modern Britain Edit

The most powerful waterwheel built in the United Kingdom was the 100 hp Quarry Bank Mill Waterwheel near Manchester. A high breastshot design, it was retired in 1904 and replaced with several turbines. It has now been restored and is a museum open to the public.

The biggest working waterwheel in mainland Britain has a diameter of 15.4 m and was built by the De Winton company of Caernarfon. It is located within the Dinorwic workshops of the National Slate Museum in Llanberis, North Wales.

The largest working waterwheel in the world is the Laxey Wheel (also known as Lady Isabella) in the village of Laxey, Isle of Man. It is Template:Convert/and/in in diameter and 6 feet (Template:Convert/pround m) wide and is maintained by Manx National Heritage.

Operation of a watermill Edit

Typically, water is diverted from a river or impoundment or mill pond to a turbine or water wheel, along a channel or pipe (variously known as a flume, head race, mill race, leat, leet, [45] lade (Scots) or penstock). The force of the water's movement drives the blades of a wheel or turbine, which in turn rotates an axle that drives the mill's other machinery. Water leaving the wheel or turbine is drained through a tail race, but this channel may also be the head race of yet another wheel, turbine or mill. The passage of water is controlled by sluice gates that allow maintenance and some measure of flood control, large mill complexes may have dozens of sluices controlling complicated interconnected races that feed multiple buildings and industrial processes.

Watermills can be divided into two kinds, one with a horizontal waterwheel on a vertical axle, and the other with a vertical wheel on a horizontal axle. The oldest of these were horizontal mills in which the force of the water, striking a simple paddle wheel set horizontally in line with the flow turned a runner stone balanced on the rynd which is atop a shaft leading directly up from the wheel. The bedstone does not turn. The problem with this type of mill arose from the lack of gearing, the speed of the water directly set the maximum speed of the runner stone which, in turn, set the rate of milling.

Most watermills in Britain and the United States of America had a vertical waterwheel, one of three kinds: undershot, overshot and breast-shot. This produced rotary motion around a horizontal axis, which could be used (with cams) to lift hammers in a forge, fulling stocks in a fulling mill and so on. However, in corn mills rotation about a vertical axis was required to drive its stones. The horizontal rotation was converted into the vertical rotation by means of gearing, which also enabled the runner stones to turn faster than the waterwheel. The usual arrangement in British and American corn mills has been for the waterwheel to turn a horizontal shaft on which is also mounted a large pit wheel. This meshes with the wallower, mounted on a vertical shaft, which turns the (larger) great spur wheel (mounted on the same shaft). This large face wheel, set with pegs, in turn, turned a smaller wheel (such as a lantern gear) known as a stone nut, which was attached to the shaft that drove the runner stone. The number of runner stones that could be turned depended directly upon the supply of water available. As waterwheel technology improved mills became more efficient, and by the 19th century, it was common for the great spur wheel to drive several stone nuts, so that a single water wheel could drive as many as four stones. [46] Each step in the process increased the gear ratio which increased the maximum speed of the runner stone. Adjusting the sluice gate and thus the flow of the water past the main wheel allowed the miller to compensate for seasonal variations in the water supply. Finer speed adjustment was made during the milling process by tentering, that is, adjusting the gap between the stones according to the water flow, the type of grain being milled, and the grade of flour required.

In many mills (including the earliest) the great spur wheel turned only one stone, but there might be several mills under one roof. The earliest illustriation of a single waterwheel driving more than one set of stones was drawn by Henry Beighton in 1723 and published in 1744 by J. T. Desaguliers. [47]

The overshot wheel was a later innovation in waterwheels and was around two and a half times more efficient than the undershot. [46] The undershot wheel, in which the main water wheel is simply set into the flow of the mill race, suffers from an inherent inefficiency stemming from the fact that the wheel itself, entering the water behind the main thrust of the flow driving the wheel, followed by the lift of the wheel out of the water ahead of the main thrust, actually impedes its own operation. The overshot wheel solves this problem by bringing the water flow to the top of the wheel. The water fills buckets built into the wheel, rather than the simple paddle wheel design of undershot wheels. As the buckets fill, the weight of the water starts to turn the wheel. The water spills out of the bucket on the down side into a spillway leading back to river. Since the wheel itself is set above the spillway, the water never impedes the speed of the wheel. The impulse of the water on the wheel is also harnessed in addition to the weight of the water once in the buckets. Overshot wheels require the construction of a dam on the river above the mill and a more elaborate millpond, sluice gate, mill race and spillway or tailrace. [48]

Toward the end of the 19th century, the invention of the Pelton wheel encouraged some mill owners to replace over- and undershot wheels with penstocks and Pelton wheel turbines.

"Run of the river" schemes Edit

Run of the river schemes do not divert water at all and usually involve undershot wheels, and some types of water wheel (usually overshot steel wheels) mount a toothed annular ring near the outer edge that drives machinery from a spur gear rather than taking power from the central axle. However, the basic mode of operation remains the same, gravity drives machinery through the motion of flowing water.

A different type of water mill is the tide mill. This mill might be of any kind, undershot, overshot or horizontal but it does not employ a river for its power source. Instead a mole or causeway is built across the mouth of a small bay. At low tide, gates in the mole are opened allowing the bay to fill with the incoming tide. At high tide the gates are closed, trapping the water inside. At a certain point a sluice gate in the mole can be opened allowing the draining water to drive a mill wheel or wheels. This is particularly effective in places where the tidal differential is very great, such as the Bay of Fundy in Canada where the tides can rise fifty feet, or the now derelict village of Tide Mills in the United Kingdom. A working example can be seen at Eling Tide Mill.

Other water mills can be set beneath large bridges where the flow of water between the stanchions is faster. At one point London bridge had so many water wheels beneath it that bargemen complained that passage through the bridge was impaired.

Ancient Near East

According to Terry S. Reynolds and R. J. Forbes, the water wheel may have originated from the ancient Near East in the 3rd century BC for use in moving millstones and small-scale grain grinding. [1] Reynolds suggests that the first water wheels were Norias and, by the 2nd century BC, evolved into the vertical watermill in Syria and Asia Minor, from where it spread to ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. [2] S. Avitsur also supports a Near-Eastern origin for the watermill. [3]

Classical antiquity

Engineers in the Hellenistic world used the two main components of watermills, the waterwheel and toothed gearing, and, along with the Roman Empire, operated undershot, overshot and breastshot waterwheel mills. [4]

Early evidence of a water-driven wheel is probably the Perachora wheel (3rd century BC), in Greece. [5] An early written reference is in the technical treatises Pneumatica and Parasceuastica of the Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium (c. 280−220 BC). [6] The British historian of technology M.J.T. Lewis has shown that those portions of Philo of Byzantium's mechanical treatise which describe water wheels and which have been previously regarded as later Arabic interpolations, actually date back to the Greek 3rd-century BC original. [7] The sakia gear is, already fully developed, attested in a 2nd-century BC Hellenistic wall painting in Ptolemaic Egypt. [8]

Lewis assigns the date of the invention of the horizontal-wheeled mill to the Greek colony of Byzantium in the first half of the 3rd century BC, and that of the vertical-wheeled mill to Ptolemaic Alexandria around 240 BC. [9]

The Greek geographer Strabon reports in his Geography a water-powered grain-mill to have existed near the palace of king Mithradates VI Eupator at Cabira, Asia Minor, before 71 BC. [10]

The Roman engineer Vitruvius has the first technical description of a watermill, dated to 40/10 BC, the device is fitted with an undershot wheel and power is transmitted via a gearing mechanism. [11] He also seems to indicate the existence of water-powered kneading machines. [12]

The Greek epigrammatist Antipater of Thessalonica tells of an advanced overshot wheel mill around 20 BC/10 AD. [13] He praised for its use in grinding grain and the reduction of human labour: [14]

Hold back your hand from the mill, you grinding girls, even if the cockcrow heralds the dawn, sleep on. For Demeter has imposed the labours of your hands on the nymphs, who leaping down upon the topmost part of the wheel, rotate its axle, with encircling cogs, [15] it turns the hollow weight of the Nisyrian millstones. If we learn to feast toil-free on the fruits of the earth, we taste again the golden age.

The Roman encyclopedist Pliny mentions in his Naturalis Historia of around 70 AD water-powered trip hammers operating in the greater part of Italy. [16] There is evidence of a fulling mill in 73/4 AD in Antioch, Roman Syria. [17] Another Roman author Ausonius mentions a lot of watermills (called molina) in the walley of Rhine and its tributaries in the 4th century (such complex technological structures were quite surprising for that area at that time, because local germanic tribes lived in earth-houses and knew neither mortar nor masonry). [18]

It is likely that a water-powered stamp mill was used at Dolaucothi to crush gold-bearing quartz, with a possible date of the late 1st century to the early 2nd century. The stamps were operated as a batch of four working against a large conglomerate block, now known as Carreg Pumpsaint. Similar anvil stones have been found at other Roman mines across Europe, especially in Spain and Portugal.

The 1st-century AD multiple mill complex of Barbegal in southern France has been described as "the greatest known concentration of mechanical power in the ancient world". [19] It featured 16 overshot waterwheels to power an equal number of flour mills. The capacity of the mills has been estimated at 4.5 tons of flour per day, sufficient to supply enough bread for the 12,500 inhabitants occupying the town of Arelate at that time. [20] A similar mill complex existed on the Janiculum hill, whose supply of flour for Rome's population was judged by emperor Aurelian important enough to be included in the Aurelian walls in the late 3rd century.

A breastshot wheel mill dating to the late 2nd century AD was excavated at Les Martres-de-Veyre, France. [21]

The 3rd-century AD Hierapolis water-powered stone sawmill is the earliest known machine to incorporate a crank and connecting rod mechanism. [22] Further sawmills, also powered by crank and connecting rod mechanisms, are archaeologically attested for the 6th-century water-powered stone sawmills at Gerasa and Ephesus. [23] Literary references to water-powered marble saws in what is now Germany can be found in Ausonius 4th-century poem Mosella. They also seem to be indicated about the same time by the Christian saint Gregory of Nyssa from Anatolia, demonstrating a diversified use of water-power in many parts of the Roman Empire. [24]

The earliest turbine mill was found in Chemtou and Testour, Roman North Africa, dating to the late 3rd or early 4th century AD. [25] A possible water-powered furnace has been identified at Marseille, France. [26]

Mills were commonly used for grinding grain into flour (attested by Pliny the Elder), but industrial uses as fulling and sawing marble were also applied. [27]

The Romans used both fixed and floating water wheels and introduced water power to other provinces of the Roman Empire. So-called 'Greek Mills' used water wheels with a horizontal wheel (and vertical shaft). A "Roman Mill" features a vertical wheel (on a horizontal shaft). Greek style mills are the older and simpler of the two designs, but only operate well with high water velocities and with small diameter millstones. Roman style mills are more complicated as they require gears to transmit the power from a shaft with a horizontal axis to one with a vertical axis.

Although to date only a few dozen Roman mills are archaeologically traced, the widespread use of aqueducts in the period suggests that many remain to be discovered. Recent excavations in Roman London, for example, have uncovered what appears to be a tide mill together with a possible sequence of mills worked by an aqueduct running along the side of the River Fleet. [28]

In 537 AD, ship mills were ingeniously used by the East Roman general Belisarius, when the besieging Goths cut off the water supply for those mills. [29] These floating mills had a wheel that was attached to a boat moored in a fast flowing river.

Ancient China, Korea and Japan

The waterwheel was found in China from 30 AD onwards, when it was used to power trip hammers, [30] the bellows in smelting iron, [31] [32] and in one case, to mechanically rotate an armillary sphere for astronomical observation (see Zhang Heng). [33] [34] Although Joseph Needham speculates that the water-powered millstone could have existed in Han China by the 1st century AD, there is no sufficient literary evidence for it until the 5th century. [35] In 488 AD, the mathematician and engineer Zu Chongzhi had a watermill erected which was inspected by Emperor Wu of Southern Qi (r. 482–493 AD). [36] The engineer Yang Su of the Sui Dynasty (581–618 AD) was said to operate hundreds of them by the beginning of the 6th century. [36] A source written in 612 AD mentions Buddhist monks arguing over the revenues gained from watermills. [37] The Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD) 'Ordinances of the Department of Waterways' written in 737 AD stated that watermills should not interrupt riverine transport and in some cases were restricted to use in certain seasons of the year. [36] From other Tang-era sources of the 8th century, it is known that these ordinances were taken very seriously, as the government demolished many watermills owned by great families, merchants, and Buddhist abbeys that failed to acknowledge ordinances or meet government regulations. [36] A eunuch serving Emperor Xuanzong of Tang (r. 712–756 AD) owned a watermill by 748 AD which employed five waterwheels that ground 300 bushels of wheat a day. [36] By 610 or 670 AD, the watermill was introduced to Japan via Korean Peninsula. [38] It also became known in Tibet by at least 641 AD. [38]

Islamic world

Muslim engineers adopted watermill technology from former provinces of the Byzantine Empire, having been applied for centuries in those provinces prior to the Muslim conquests, including modern-day Syria, Jordan, Israel, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Spain (see List of ancient watermills). [40]

The industrial uses of watermills in the Islamic world date back to the 7th century, while horizontal-wheeled and vertical-wheeled watermills were both in widespread use by the 9th century. [ citation needed ] A variety of industrial watermills were used in the Islamic world, including gristmills, hullers, sawmills, shipmills, stamp mills, steel mills, sugar mills, and tide mills. By the 11th century, every province throughout the Islamic world had these industrial watermills in operation, from al-Andalus and North Africa to the Middle East and Central Asia. [41] Muslim and Middle Eastern Christian engineers also used crankshafts and water turbines, gears in watermills and water-raising machines, and dams as a source of water, used to provide additional power to watermills and water-raising machines. [42] Fulling mills, and steel mills may have spread from Al-Andalus to Christian Spain in the 12th century. Industrial watermills were also employed in large factory complexes built in al-Andalus between the 11th and 13th centuries. [43]

The engineers of the Islamic world used several solutions to achieve the maximum output from a watermill. One solution was to mount them to piers of bridges to take advantage of the increased flow. Another solution was the shipmill, a type of watermill powered by water wheels mounted on the sides of ships moored in midstream. This technique was employed along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in 10th-century Iraq, where large shipmills made of teak and iron could produce 10 tons of flour from corn every day for the granary in Baghdad. [44]

Medieval Europe

At the time of the compilation of the Domesday Book (1086), there were 5,624 watermills in England alone, only 2% of which have not been located by modern archeological surveys. [45] Later research estimates a less conservative number of 6,082, and it has been pointed out that this should be considered a minimum as the northern reaches of England were never properly recorded. [46] In 1300, this number had risen to between 10,000 and 15,000. [47] By the early 7th century, watermills were well established in Ireland, and began to spread from the former territory of the empire into the non-romanized parts of Germany a century later. [48] Ship mills and tide mill were introduced in the 6th century.

In recent years, a number of new archaeological finds has consecutively pushed back the date of the earliest tide mills, all of which were discovered on the Irish coast: A 6th-century vertical-wheeled tide mill was located at Killoteran near Waterford. [49] A twin flume horizontal-wheeled tide mill dating to c. 630 was excavated on Little Island. [50] [51] Alongside it, another tide mill was found which was powered by a vertical undershot wheel. [50] [51] The Nendrum Monastery mill from 787 was situated on an island in Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland. Its millstones are 830mm in diameter and the horizontal wheel is estimated to have developed 7–8 hp at its peak. Remains of an earlier mill dated at 619 were also found at the site. [52] [53]

Survey of industrial mills

In a 2005 survey the scholar Adam Lucas identified the following first appearances of various industrial mill types in Western Europe. Noticeable is the preeminent role of France in the introduction of new innovative uses of waterpower. However, he has drawn attention to the dearth of studies of the subject in several other countries.

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Устройство электромагнитной обработки воды WaterMill

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до применения WaterMill

после применения WaterMill

More About Watermills

Watermills Events Ltd, the UK's leading specialists in alternative drinking water services. Our solutions and expertise can be found nationwide from festivals to construction sites.

Specialising in providing water solutions designed to the client’s requirements effectively, efficiently and ethically on a 24/7 basis. Even though our core business is event water, we now supply construction, TV & film production, farming and emergency water services.

Our Food & Drink Menus

With our extensive food menu, we can cater for all tastes. Try our succulent beef steaks, our beautiful burgers, one of our many traditional pub classics or our Mega Meals — including our 30oz mixed grill! There’s a bulging specials board each day, featuring a world of wholesome, exciting meals for you, and don’t forget those luscious roasts designed to make every Sunday special. Great food – made all the more enjoyable thanks to Two for One.

Discover The Watermill

The Watermill in Kidderminster is a wonderful traditional pub with bags of character. We are set in a beautiful old watermill, right on the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal. A heated patio overlooks the water. It’s perfect for sunny days and summer nights. When it gets cooler, come indoors for a warm welcome and some truly amazing period features. Our 2-for-1 menu is just as impressive as our pretty setting. Get two adult main meals or specials for the price of the cheaper one. We have a children’s menu full of good food, and a play area to keep them busy while you relax with a drink. Book ahead or turn up in your own time.

Of all the 2-for-1 pubs in Kidderminster, The Watermill is easily the most impressive. Come over and be completely charmed!

Watermill, Park Lane, Kidderminster, DY11 6TL

Как работает прибор?

Конструктивно устройство представляет собой управляемый микропроцессором генератор высокочастотных электромагнитных импульсов с переменной частотой уровня радиосигнала.

Воздействие электромагнитного поля разрушает гидратацию ионов растворенных в воде солей, что приводит к их кристаллизации. Для основного компонента накипи — карбоната кальция происходит следующая химическая реакция:

При этом образуются взвешенные в воде микрокристаллы размерами в несколько микрон. Эти микрокристаллы уже не прилипают к стенкам, не прикипают и не осаждаются на дно. Они не заметны на глаз, они висят в массе воды и при необходимости могут быть отфильтрованы. Таким образом, прибор предотвращает образование накипи.

Кроме этого, растворенный в воде углекислый газ образует слабую угольную кислоту H2CO3, которая, взаимодействуя с уже имеющейся в системе накипью, постепенно растворяет ее. Старые отложения удаляются постепенно, в течение нескольких недель или месяцев, в зависимости от слоя отложений и жесткости воды. В связи с тем, что старые отложения удаляются за счет воздействия угольной кислоты недопустимо устанавливать прибор перед баком с открытой поверхностью (накопительный или расширительный бачок), т.к. в этом случае углекислый газ испарится в атмосферу, и старые отложения удаляться не будут.

Апартаменты с 1 спальней

Эти апартаменты оформлены в загородном стиле и располагают меблированным патио и гостиной зоной с диваном и телевизором, транслирующим спутниковые каналы. На полностью оборудованной кухне также установлена стиральная машина.

Удобства апартаментов: Патио, Красивый вид, Телевизор, Спутниковые каналы, Гостиный уголок, Стиральная машина, Отопление, Отдельный вход, Диван, Плиточный/Мраморный пол, Шкаф/гардероб, Душ, Фен, Туалет, Ванная комната, Биде, Мини-кухня, Холодильник, Обеденный уголок, Кухонные принадлежности, Духовка, Плита, Обеденный стол, Мебель на улице, Обеденная зона на улице, Полотенца/Постельное белье за дополнительную плату

Размер апартаментов: 36 м²

Спальня 1: 1 большая двуспальная кровать

Апартаменты с 2 спальнями

Эти апартаменты оформлены в загородном стиле и располагают меблированным патио и гостиной зоной с диваном и телевизором, транслирующим спутниковые каналы. На полностью оборудованной кухне также установлена стиральная машина.

Удобства апартаментов: Патио, Вид на достопримечательность, Вид на реку, Телевизор, Спутниковые каналы, Гостиный уголок, Стиральная машина, Отопление, Отдельный вход, Диван, Плиточный/Мраморный пол, Шкаф/гардероб, Душ, Фен, Туалет, Ванная комната, Биде, Мини-кухня, Холодильник, Обеденный уголок, Кухонные принадлежности, Духовка, Плита, Обеденный стол, Мебель на улице, Обеденная зона на улице, Полотенца/Постельное белье за дополнительную плату

Размер апартаментов: 55 м²

Спальня 1: 2 односпальные кровати

Спальня 2: 1 большая двуспальная кровать

Bulk water supply

Watermills supplies bulk water services from 2,000 litres to 30,000 litres using our extended fleet of custom articulated tankers and 4×4 towed bowsers. Drinking water tanks vary from 1000 litres to 75,000 litres capacity, installing temporary pipework infrastructure for any event, pump fed from the mains or buffer tanks to supply showers, toilets, welfare units, our polyklyn hand wash & drinking water stations and caterers. Our event plumbing services have won many awards for brilliant customer service, flexibility and delivery for festivals.

Get advice from our water supply experts.

Please ring the Watermills team if you have any questions about organising water supply for your specific needs.

Watermills have a wide range of experience supplying bulk water to festivals, events and construction sites, even supplying water for TV and film.

Watermills have a 24/7 emergency service supplying industrial, commercial and residential customers.

The Watermills team can help you with your risk management and contingency planning with regards to water supply.

Отзывы об отеле Giada Watermill

Очень хорошее место. Все отлично. Опытный и дружелюбный персонал. У нас было полупансион, выбор меню был обширный и разнообразный. Рыба на гриле был велик. Определенно будет обратно.

Отличный отель. Приветливый персонал. Комната в хорошем состоянии. Очень хороший ужин. Горячие блюда холодные на завтрак. Транспорт до отеля является очень узкой. Не тротуаре. Немного далеко от моря. Несколько ограниченный вид из-за моста шоссе. Несмотря на очень хорошее средство.

Большое красивое место. Номера просторные и удобные. Мини-гольф, настольный теннис, площадка для футбола/баскетбола/тенниса (все в одном) также отлично подходит для мальчиков. Мы не могли использовать бассейн, потому что (они были пустые) по-прежнему вне времени. Построен на те, что были участки, террасы, где еще встречаются оливковые деревья, которые всегда имеют свое очарование. Единственным ограничением является, однако, возможно, именно это. Для нас, что у нас есть ребенок 1 год и полтора нельзя было оставлять ее одну (лестницы, перила и т. Д. ). Маленький мальчик, большой, понравилось все. Рекомендую.

Очень хороший, вид на холм и море, захватывающий апартаменты очень хорошие, очень хороший персонал, я рекомендую его тем детям там области подарка игры и т. Д…, мы думаем, что вернемся.

Конечно, предлагает максимум в течение лета: футбольное поле, теннис, баскетбол, Мини-гольф, плавательный бассейн и бассейн с водопадами, Солярий, дехор на террасе, площадка для барбекю. Панорамное расположение и в тихом районе. Немного из рук. Апартаменты меблированы и оснащены всем, удобным и с небольшим частным садом с шезлонгами.
Вы бы посоветовали? Конечно, знаешь.

Отличное расположение, очень хорошие апартаменты с видом на море

Непринужденная атмосфера… дружелюбный персонал… отличные виды и дети его любят

Прекрасная и гостеприимная. Но… Рассчитывать только на WI-fi

Место с великолепным видом, персонал координат. Хорошие цены.

Очень удобное месторасположение. Нам понравилось.

У нас было все очень хорошо, очень дружелюбны, хорошая кухня, в целом, была для нас с видом на дорогу и бросить. Мы, безусловно, приходят снова

Чистый вежливо Манко Wi zulangsam в противном случае ОК

Апартаменты очень просторные и чистые, экономичные, и частная парковка (за дополнительную плату) жаль, что довольно далеко от моря (не удается или на машине), но в нескольких минутах езды вы достигнете

Я ожидал, что это место наполнено хорошим людьми, когда это не так.

250 € в ночь, вы ожидаете, что что-то совсем другое… украшения старовата, сантехника отель (доска туалет для регистр шею), но в основном постельные принадлежности недостойно. Если вы добавляете вид квартиры, не на море, но виадук автострады, кубок полон…

Хорошее и доброжелательное обслуживание. Английский без проблем. Хорошая квартира, кухня с небольшим балконом. Подъездные дороги сложновато, но вот с самой дороге, если по шоссе. Не так здорово, если у вас болит нога (из-за компоновки терраса)

Без излишеств курорт по хорошей цене для этого района. Завтрак нормальный, парковка. Хорошо для семьи, много места вокруг.

Принимаемые кредитные карты:

Visa, MasterCard, Maestro

Если вы планируете приехать в нерабочие часы стойки регистрации, пожалуйста, заранее сообщите об этом администрации апартаментов.

Гости могут привезти с собой полотенца и постельное белье или взять их напрокат на месте.

Пройти регистрацию заезда и забрать ключи можно по следующему адресу: 18100, Imperia, Villa Giada, Strada Colla 123.

Разрешается проживание детей любого возраста.
При размещении одного ребёнка младше 3 лет на детской кроватке взимается € 3 с человека за ночь.
При размещении одного ребёнка младше 5 лет на дополнительной кровати проживание ему предоставляется бесплатно .

При размещении одного ребёнка в возрасте от 6 до 12 лет на дополнительной кровати взимается € 10 с человека за ночь.
При размещении одного ребёнка старшего возраста или взрослого на дополнительной кровати взимается € 15 с человека за ночь.
Максимальное количество дополнительных кроватей/детских кроваток в номере — 2.
Дополнительные кровати и детские кроватки предоставляются по запросу. Требуется подтверждение со стороны отеля о предоставлении данной услуги.
Дополнительные услуги не включаются автоматически в общую стоимость и оплачиваются отдельно во время вашего проживания.

Смотрите видео: Устройство для защиты от накипи

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